Түркияда гамма-пышаққа бойынша ең жақсы дәрігерлер – ТОП-29 дәрігерлер

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE

2019-present: Department of Neurosurgery, Florence Nightingale Hospitals affiliated to Demiroglu Bilim University Medical Faculty, Istanbul/Turkey. Associate Professor

2017-2019: Department of Neurosurgery, Liv Hospital Ulus affiliated to Istinye University Medical Faculty, Istanbul/Turkey. Associate Professor

2016-2017: Department of Neurosurgery, Liv Hospital Ulus affiliated to Istinye University Medical Faculty, Istanbul/Turkey. Assistant Professor

2015-present: Department of Neurosurgery, Liv Hospital Ulus, Istanbul/Turkey. Attending Neurosurgeon

2013-2015: Department of Neurosurgery, GOP Taksim Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul/Turkey. Attending Neurosurgeon

2006-2012: Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul/Turkey. Resident

EDUCATION 

October 2017-March 2018: Clinical Fellowship on Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover/Germany (Professor Joachim K. Krauss M.D, Ph.D)

January-April 2010: Clinical Fellowship on Microsurgery of Peripheral Nerves and Brachial Plexus, Division of Peripheral Nerve Reconstruction, Department of Neurosurgery, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, affiliated to Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv/Israel (Professor Shimon Rochkind M.D, Ph.D)

2006-2012: Resident at Department of Neurosurgery, Istanbul School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul/Turkey

2005-2006: Resident at Department of Anatomy, Cerrahpasa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul/Turkey

1999-2005: Istanbul School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul/Turkey GPA: 3.17/4.00

1991-1999: Istanbul Erkek Lisesi (High School), Istanbul/Turkey GPA: 4.47 / 5.00

Профессор Түркер Кылыш, медицина ғылымдарының докторы, омыртқа жотасына жасалатын операциялар мен гамма-пышақ арқылы радиохирургияға маманданған нейрохирург және Швецияның Каролинска институтында радиохирургия бойынша оқудан өткен алғашқы түрік дәрігері.

Проф. Хале Башак Чағлар сүт безі, өкпе, ұйқы безі, қуықасты және сүйек обырын емдеу бойынша маман, радиациялық онкологияның директоры. Ол жоғары білікті маман, Гази университетінде, Мұраны университетінде және Медипол университетінде білім алған және Американдық Радиотерапиялық Онкология Қоғамы, Европалық Радиотерапиялық Онкология Қоғамы, Европалық Зерттеу және Обырды Емдеу Ұйымы, сондай-ақ Радиохирургия Қоғамының мүшесі.

Neurosurgery Training: Gazi University, Department of Neurosurgery, 2011 

H index: 10, I10 Index: 12 Citations: 296

 Dr Mehmet Tonge has international and nationwide 32 publications, 12 book chapters, 92 oral and poster presentations and 41 invited lectures, mostly on Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. 

Work & Training experience:

2004-2011: Gazi University, Department of Neurosurgery (Residency)

 2008: Zurich University Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery (Intraoperative MRI applications), Switzerland 

2008: Zurich University Hospital, Department of Neurosurgery: Microneurosurgery, white matter dissection, interventional neuroradiology courses, Switzerland 

2011 – 2012: Sinop Ataturk State Hospital, Neurosurgeon

 2012 – 2013: Cankiri State Hospital, Neurosurgeon 

2013 – 2014: Istanbul Medipol University, Department of Neurosurgery & Gamma Knife Center (Ass Prof) 

2013 – now: Maastricht University Neurosurgery & Neuroscience Department (Visiting scientist, PhDc) The Netherlands 

2014: Maastricht University, The Netherlands: Deep Brain Stimulation Fellowship 2014-2018: Istanbul Memorial Hospital Neurosurgery: Staff Neurosurgeon

 2016-2018: Istanbul Florence Nightingale Hospital (Consultant, Gamma Knife Center) 

2018-now: Istanbul Medipol University (Stereotactic & Functional Neurosurgery, Gamma Knife Center) Ass. Prof.) 

Dr Mehmet Tonge has completed 4-year cycle EANS (European Association of Neurosurgical Societies) Training courses. 

Clinical areas of interest:

 • Stereotactic & Functional Neurosurgery

 • Surgery for movement disorders

• * MR Guided Focused Ultrasound (MRgFUS)

 • Gamma Knife Radiosurgery 

• Surgery for pain & spasticity 

• Psychosurgery

Research areas of interest: 

• Deep brain stimulation

• * MR Guided Focused Ultrasound (MRgFUS)

 • Stereotactic radiosurgery 

Administrative duties:

 • Turkish Neurosurgical Society, Sterotactic & Functional Neurosurgery Section: Board member 2015- 2017 

• Turkish Neurosurgical Society, Sterotactic & Functional Neurosurgery Section: Board member (Secretary) 2017-2019

 • Turkish Skull Base Society: Board member 2016-2018

 • Turkish Skull Base Society: Supervisory board member 2018-2020

 • Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders Surgery Society: Executive Board Member, (Accountant) 2023-still 

Memberships: 

• WSSFN (World Stereotactic & Functional Neurosurgery Society) 

• ESSFN (European Stereotactic & Functional Neurosurgery Society)

 • Deep Brain Stimulation and Movement Disorders Surgery Society

 • Deep Brain Stimulation Society 

• International Stereotactic Radiosurgery Society 

• Leksell Gamma Knife Society 

• EANS (European Association of Neurosurgical Societies) 

• Turkish Neurosurgical Society

• Turkish Skull Base Society

Sample Publications: 

1. Tonge M. Technological developments in electric based DBS. Deep Brain Stimulation 2024 4(36-41) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdbs.2023.12.001 

2. Akgul E, Onan HB, Islek I, Tonge M, Durmus Y, Barburoglu M, Azizova A, Erol C, Hakyemez B, Sencer S, Aydin K, Arat A. Flow diverter stents in the treatment of recanalized intracranial aneurysms. Interv Neuroradiol. 2021 Aug;27(4):481-489. doi: 10.1177/1591019921990507. Epub 2021 Jan 28. PMID: 33509011; PMCID: PMC8580529. 

3. Mulders AEP, Temel Y, Tonge M, Schaper FLWVJ, van Kranen-Mastenbroek V,Ackermans L, Kubben P, Janssen MLF, Duits A. The association between surgical characteristics and cognitive decline following deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in Parkinson's disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2021 Jan;200:106341. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2020.106341. Epub 2020 Nov 3. PMID: 33160716. 

4. Wetzelaer P, Vlis T, Tonge M, Ackermans L, Kubben P, Evers S, Kocabicak E, Temel Y. Management of Hardware Related Infections after DBS Surgery: A Cost Analysis. Turk Neurosurg. 2018;28(6):929- 933. doi: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.21511-17.1. PMID: 29465741. 

5. Bedirli N, Emmez G, Ünal Y, Tönge M, Emmez H. Effects of positive end- expiratory pressure on intracranial pressure during pneumoperitoneum and Trendelenburg position in a porcine mode. Turk J Med Sci. 2017 Nov 13;47(5):1610-1615. doi: 10.3906/sag-1609-17. PMID: 29152942. 

6. Sari R, Tonge M, Bolukbasi FH, Onoz M, Baskan O, Silav G, Elmaci I. Management of Failed Cranioplasty. Turk Neurosurg. 2017;27(2):201-207. doi: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.15395-15.0. PMID: 27593759. 

7. Tonge M, Kocabicak E, Ackermans L, Kuijf M, Temel Y. Final Electrode Position in Subthalamic Nucleus Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery: A Comparison of Indirect and Direct Targeting Methods. Turk Neurosurg. 2016;26(6):900-903. doi: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.13739-14.1. PMID: 27337232. 

8. Tonge M, Ackermans L, Kocabicak E, van Kranen-Mastenbroek V, Kuijf M, Oosterloo M, Kubben P, Temel Y. A detailed analysis of intracerebral hemorrhages in DBS surgeries. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2015 Dec;139:183-7. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2015.10.017. Epub 2015 Oct 23. PMID: 26513430. 

9. Silav G, Bölükbaşı FH, Özek E, Tönge M, Önöz M, Elmacı İ. A Simple Technique for Bone Storage after Decompressive Craniectomy in Children. Pediatr Neurosurg. 2015;50(3):161-4. doi: 10.1159/000381748. Epub 2015 May 14. PMID: 25998533. 

10. Yilmaz MB, Donmez H, Tonge M, Senol S, Tekiner A. Vertebrojugular arteriovenous fistula and pseudoaneurysm formation due to penetrating vertebral artery injury: case report and review of the literature. Turk Neurosurg. 2015;25(1):141-5. doi: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.8247-13.1. PMID: 25640560. 

11. Kurt G, Tönge M, Çeltıkçı E, Çapraz I, Serdaroğlu A, Bılır E. Surgery for intractable temporal lobe epilepsy: experience of a single institution. Turk J Med Sci. 2014;44(5):866-70. doi: 10.3906/sag-1307- 30. PMID: 25539559. 

12. Yılmaz MB, Tönge M, Emmez H, Kaymaz F, Kaymaz M. Neuroprotective effects of quetiapine on neuronal apoptosis following experimental transient focal cerebral ischemia in rats. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2013 Jul;54(1):1-7. doi: 10.3340/jkns.2013.54.1.1. Epub 2013 Jul 31. PMID: 24044072; PMCID: PMC3772279. 

13. Yilmaz MB, Egemen E, Tonge M, Kaymaz M. Transoral protrusion of a peritoneal catheter due to gastric perforation 10 years after a ventriculoperitoneal shunting: case report and review of the literature. Turk Neurosurg. 2013;23(2):285-8. doi: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.4904-11.1. PMID: 23546921. 

14. Omerhodzic I, Tonge M, Matos B, Musabeliu E, Raspanti C, Ferdinandov D, Galimova R, Muroi C, Balik V, Kursumovic A. Neurosurgical training programme in selected European countries: from the young neurosurgeons' point of view. Turk Neurosurg. 2012;22(3):286-93. doi: 10.5137/1019- 5149.JTN.5133-11.0. PMID: 22664994. 

15. Ergun E, Kurt G, Tonge M, Aytar H, Tas M, Baykaner K, Ceviker N. Effects of phenytoin sodium on dura mater healing in a rat model of CSF leakage. Turk Neurosurg. 2011;21(4):471-6. PMID: 22194102. 

16. Emmez H, Tonge M, Tokgoz N, Durdag E, Gonul I, Cevıker N. Radiological and histopathological comparison of microporous polysaccharide hemospheres and oxidized regenerated cellulose in the rabbit brain: a study of efficacy and safety. Turk Neurosurg. 2010 Oct;20(4):485-91. doi: 10.5137/1019- 5149.JTN.3300-10.2. PMID: 20963698. 

17. Emmez H, Yildirim Z, Kale A, Tönge M, Durdağ E, Börcek AO, Uçankuş LN, Doğulu F, Kiliç N, Baykaner MK. Anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects of α-lipoic acid on spinal cord ischemiareperfusion injury in rabbits. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2010 Sep;152(9):1591-600; discussion 1600-1. doi: 10.1007/s00701-010-0703-9. Epub 2010 Jun 10. PMID: 20535507. 

18. Kurt G, Tonge M, Börcek AO, Karahacioglu E, Gurel O, Baykaner K, Ceviker N, Aykol S. Fractionated gamma knife radiosurgery for optic nerve tumors: a technical report. Turk Neurosurg. 2010 Apr;20(2):241-6. doi: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.1681-09.3. PMID: 20401852. 

19. Emmez H, Kale A, Tönge M, Cakir A, Ceviker N. Two meningiomas with different histological grades in the same patient. Case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2010;50(8):686-8. doi: 10.2176/nmc.50.686. PMID: 20805656.

Education and Specialization

• Bachelor’s Degree: Çukurova University Faculty of Medicine (1987/1993)
• Medical Specialization: Department of Pediatrics, Fırat University (1993/2001)
• Subspecialty: Pediatric Neurology Unit, Hacettepe University (2002/2004)

Professional Experience

• General Practitioner: Mardin State Hospital, Emergency Department (1993/1996)
• Research Assistant: Faculty of Medicine, Fırat University (1996/2001)
• Lecturer: Faculty of Medicine, İnönü University (2001/2002)
• Subspecialty Research Assistant: Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University (2002/2004)
• Assistant Professor: Faculty of Medicine, İnönü University (2004/2008)
• Associate Professor: Faculty of Medicine, İnönü University (2008/2014)
• Professor: Faculty of Medicine, İnönü University (2014/2023)

Personal Information

Name Surname : Mustafa SEZER
Place of Birth - Year :    Balıkesir - 1969
Academic Title : Op. Dr.
Foreign Language : English

Education

Ankara Numune Hospital 1998-2003
Osmangazi Faculty of Medicine 1994
Work Experience

Private Century Hospital 2000-... 
Ankara Numune Hospital Brain and Neurosurgery Clinic 1998-2003
Kocaeli Ulaşlı Health Centre 1996-1998
Siirt State Hospital Emergency Service 1994-1996

Dr. Ceylan Sengul is a child development specialist who works with children aged 0-6 years. She has strong experience with developmental issues such as learning difficulties, ADHD, speech delays, and delayed toilet training. She also helps children with aggressive behaviors, eating disorders, depression, social phobia, panic attacks, addictions, and psychosomatic symptoms.

Dr. Sengul is known for treating school problems, trauma, sibling rivalry, low self-confidence, mood disorders, gender identity concerns, urinary incontinence, and body image issues. She uses evidence-based methods and has helped many children and families achieve better outcomes.

Education:

Medical Faculty, Trakya University,  

Edirne, Turkey (1994-2000)

Professional Experience:

General Practitioner and Emergency Physician

Bartın (2000-2004)

Specialization:  

Department of Neurosurgery, S.B. Göztepe Training and Research Hospital,  

Istanbul (2004-2010)

Participation in the Accreditation Process by the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies (EANS) during  

Specialization (2004-2010)

Completion of Compulsory Service as Specialist Physician

Tokat State Hospital, Tokat (2010-2012)

Assistant Professor, Department of Neurosurgery

Gaziosmanpaşa University, Tokat (2012-2014)

Contribution to the Establishment of the Department of Neurosurgery at Medipol University  

(2012-2014)

Lecturer

Medipol University, Istanbul (2012-2014)

Specialist Physician

Memorial Istanbul Hospitals, Istanbul (2014-2018)

Lecturer, Faculty of Health Sciences

Eurasia University, Istanbul (2014-2021)

Associate Professor in the field of Neurosurgery (2021- )

Specialist Physician

Acıbadem Maslak Hospital, Istanbul (2018-2021)

Specialist Physician

Liv Hospital Ulus, Istanbul (2021-2023)

2023 –

Istanbul Florence Nightingale Hospital, Istanbul

Skills and Achievements:

Obtained Associate Professorship in the field of Neurosurgery (2021)

Experience in Academic Teaching and Management (2012-2021)

Proficiency in Turkish (Native) and English (Advanced)

Dr. Mehmet Osman Akcakaya is a neurosurgeon with 18 years of experience. He specializes in microneurosurgery and functional neurosurgery. He treats head trauma, brain tumors, Parkinson’s disease, and spinal disorders. Dr. Akcakaya uses advanced surgical techniques for these complex conditions.

He has received several awards, including the Second Prize for 'Best Oral Presentation' at the Congress of the Nervous System Surgery Society. He completed a 4-year training program with the European Association of Neurosurgical Societies (EANS). He also holds the EANS board certificate (Part I). Dr. Akcakaya has completed fellowships in Israel and Germany.

He is a member of the Turkish Association of Neurosurgery and EANS. He has also served on scientific committees for international courses on endoscopic spine surgery.

Dr. Mustafa Yavuz Samanci is an Associate Professor of Neurosurgery at Medipol Acıbadem District Hospital in Istanbul. He has specialized training in stereotactic, functional, and pediatric neurosurgery. Dr. Samanci completed a clinical fellowship in Gamma Knife Radiosurgery. He has also finished advanced programs in spinal cord and peripheral nerve stimulation. He received several TÜBİTAK postdoctoral research fellowships and the Prof. Dr. Hakan Caner Overseas Education Scholarship from the Turkish Neurosurgical Society.

Dr. Samanci is an active member of several national and international neurosurgical societies. These include the Turkish Neurosurgical Society, the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society, and the European Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. He has served on editorial boards and scientific committees. His work reflects significant contributions to academic neurosurgery and research.

Prof. Dr. Salih Murat İmer is a neurosurgeon with over 30 years of experience. He founded and led the Neurosurgery Department at Okan University Hospital. He has written 68 scientific articles and contributed to 9 book chapters. Dr. İmer has also presented at 33 international congresses, showing his influence in neurosurgery worldwide.

Dr. İmer holds advanced certifications in functional and stereotactic neurosurgery, Leksell Gamma Knife radiosurgery, and endoscopic spine surgery. He received specialized training in several European countries. He has worked with leading experts such as Prof. Matti Vapalahti and Prof. Juha Hernesniemi. Through these collaborations, he has helped improve neurosurgical practice and education around the world.

Education and Expertise

GATA Military Medical Faculty

GATA Haydarpaşa Training Hospital Neurosurgery Clinic (Specialization)

Beykent University Hospital and Health Institutions Management (Master's)

Experience

GATA Military Medical Faculty Trainee Doctor (6 months)

Samsun Sahara Medical School Comm. (3 months)

Naval Command War Squadron TCG Diligence Medical Officer (2 years)

Dz.K.K. Submarine Battery Factory Infirmary Doctor (3 months)

Naval Forces Command Infirmary Doctor (3 months)

GATA Haydarpaşa Training Hospital Chief Assistant (12 years)

Kasımpaşa Marine Hospital Neurosurgery Clinic Chief (5 years)

Bahçelievler Medical Park Hospital Neurosurgery Specialist (11 years)

Altınbaş University Faculty of Medicine Neurosurgery Lecturer. Member (4 years)

Altınbaş University Faculty of Medicine Head of Neurosurgery Department. (3 years)

Basic and Advanced Cardiac life support courses (BASIC)

Basic and Advanced Cardiac life support courses (ADVANCED)

GATA Military Medical Faculty. Microsurgery Training Course

Istanbul Vatan Hospital Hand surgery microsurgery course

Neuroanatomy course

Spine Surgery course

Professional Memberships

Turkish Neurosurgery Association

Spine Society of Europe

Turkish Spinal and Peripheral Nerve Surgery Group

Brain and Nerve Surgery

Dr. Bugra Bilge Keseroglu specializes in robotic and laparoscopic urology. His robotic work includes radical prostatectomy (conventional and Retzius-sparing), radical cystectomy, sacrocolpopexy, and Burch colposuspension. His laparoscopic work includes radical prostatectomy with lymph node dissection, radical cystectomy, sacrocolpopexy, and Burch colposuspension. He also performs laparoscopic nephrectomy and partial nephrectomy, pyeloplasty, all endourological surgeries (stone surgery and endoscopic procedures), HOLEP, and female incontinence surgery.

Education: Uludağ University Faculty of Medicine, 1990–1996. Specialization: S.B. Ankara Training and Research Hospital, 1997–2002. Experience: Yozgat State Hospital, 2002–2006 and 2012–2016; Yozgat Private Hospital, 2006–2011; S.B. Ankara Training and Research Hospital, 2016–2019; Bilkent City Hospital, 2019–2024.

Dr. Halil Can is a Professor of Neurosurgery (2025; Associate Professor 2020). He completed neurosurgical training at Istanbul University–Istanbul Faculty of Medicine in 2007. His clinical focus includes endoscopic and microsurgical spine surgery for fractures, tumors, and degenerative disease; advanced pain procedures; endoscopic skull base and pituitary surgery; and neurovascular, neuro-oncologic, and peripheral nerve surgery.

He has 21 international peer-reviewed papers (SCI/SSCI). Topics include cadaveric morphometry of Kambin’s triangle and the transforaminal triangular working zone, lumbar arterial and anterior approach anatomy, and an in vitro test of a new lumbar fixation device.

His clinical studies include a single-team series of 81 posterior circulation aneurysms, with 13 flow-diversion cases. He also reported five spinal cavernous malformation cases. He conducted Phase I safety and feasibility stem-cell trials in pediatric hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and in chronic complete spinal cord injury.

Dr. Mehmet Tonge is a neurosurgeon with expertise in Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery. He specializes in MR Guided Focused Ultrasound, deep brain stimulation, Gamma Knife Radiosurgery, and surgery for movement disorders, pain, and spasticity.

Dr. Tonge has published 32 articles in international and national journals and written 12 book chapters. He has presented 92 oral and poster presentations and delivered 41 invited lectures. He completed a Deep Brain Stimulation Fellowship at Maastricht University and finished the 4-year EANS training cycle. Dr. Tonge is known for his research and clinical work in functional neurosurgery.

EDUCATION:

• Turhan and Mediha Tansel Primary School (1979–1984)
• Kültür College (1984–1988)
• Semiha Şakir High School (1988–1991)
• Marmara University Faculty of Medicine (1991–1997)
• Marmara University Faculty of Medicine, Neurosurgery Department, Specialist Training (1997–2002)
• Title of Associate Professor in Neurosurgery (May 31, 2021)

ADDITIONAL TRAINING:

• "Visiting Physician," University of Southern California, Department of Neurosurgery (1998)
• "Microsurgery Training," GATA (Gülhane Military Medical Academy), Ankara Education and Research Hospital (2003)

PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:

• Gülhane Military Medical Academy Haydarpaşa Training and Research Hospital (2002–2003)
• Dr. Lütfi Kırdar Kartal Training and Research Hospital (2003–2005)
• Private Avicenna Ataşehir Hospital (2005–2012)
• Private 29 Mayıs Hospital (2012–2013)
• Maltepe State Hospital (2013–2018)
• Kartal Dr. Lütfi Kırdar City Hospital (2018–2020)
• Private Academic Hospital (2020–2022)
• Hisar Intercontinental Hospital (2022–2024)
• Private Medipol Acıbadem Regional Hospital (2024–Present)

ADMINISTRATIVE AND ACADEMIC ROLES:

• Board Member, Neurosurgical Society (2006–2009)
• Head of the Emergency Department, Maltepe State Hospital (2014–2016)
• Deputy Chief Physician, Private Academic Hospital (2020–2021)
• Advisory Board Member, Beykent University Faculty of Medicine (2018–2024)
• Faculty Member, Galata University Faculty of Health Sciences (2022–2024)
• Director, Continuous Education Center, Galata University (2022–2024)

Prof. Dr. Gülşah Bademci is a physician specialized in the field of brain, nerve, spine, and spinal cord surgery. She graduated as the fourth-ranked student from Ankara University Faculty of Medicine in 1993. She obtained her title as a brain and nerve surgeon from the Ankara University Faculty of Medicine Department of Brain and Nerve Surgery in 2001. In 2008, she became an associate professor at the Kırıkkale University Faculty of Medicine, and in 2021, she became a professor at the Yüksek İhtisas University Faculty of Medicine. She has contributed to numerous international publications, serving as a research and clinical fellow at the University of Arkansas Medical Sciences with Prof. Dr. M. Gazi Yaşargil, and as a research fellow at Yale University School of Medicine. She holds ECFMG America Board Step 1 and EANS European Board certificates. She speaks advanced-level English and has awards in tennis and swimming. She also pursues professional-level caricature art and medical illustration. In her 30-year career, she has performed numerous surgeries as a brain and nerve surgery specialist, particularly in spinal canal stenosis surgery, lumbar and cervical disc herniations, brain tumors, hydrocephalus surgery, and nerve compressions.